NEW YORK, Sept. 7 /PRNewswire/ — Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Biomarkers – technologies,markets and companies http://www.reportlinker.com/p0203536/Biomarkers—technologiesmarkets-and-companies.html
Summary
This report follows the broad definition of a biomarker as a characteristic that can be objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological or pathogenic processes as well as pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Tests based on biomarkers have been around for more than half a century, but interest in their application for diagnostics and drug discovery as well as development has increased remarkably since the beginning of the 21st century. This report describes different types of biomarkers and their discovery using various “-omics” technologies such as proteomics and metabolomics. Molecular diagnostics technologies are used for the discovery of biomarkers and new tests are also based on biomarker.
Currently the most important applications of biomarkers are in drug discovery and development. The role of biomarkers in various therapeutic areas particularly cancer, cardiovascular diseases and disorders of the central nervous system, is described. Biomarkers are useful not only for diagnosis of some of these diseases but also for understanding the pathomechanism as well as a basis for development of therapeutics.
Biomarkers will facilitate the combination of therapeutics with diagnostics and will thus play an important role in the development of personalized medicine. Biomarkers play a role in use of pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics and pharmacoproteomics for development of personalized medicine.
Many of the regulatory issues concerning biomarkers are related to genomics, proteomics, molecular diagnostics and pharmacogenomics/pharmacogenetics. Validation of biomarkers and their role in clinical trials is discussed.
Biomarker markets are estimated from 2009 to 2019 according to share of markets for various technologies and applications: proteomics, metabolomics, molecular diagnostics, drug discovery, clinical trials, and bioinformatics. Market values are further split according to therapeutic applications and major geographical areas. Unfulfilled needs in biomarkers are identified as well as the drivers for biomarker markets. Challenges facing the biomarker industry and strategies for developing biomarker markets are discussed.
A large number of companies with varying technical backgrounds are involved in biomarkers and 265 of these are profiled in part 2 of the report with classification into various categories.These also include major pharmaceutical companies. There is tabulation of 479 collaborations between companies and additional academic collaborations are mentioned in the individual profiles of companies. The report is supplemented by 800 references, 62 tables and 12 figures
TABLE OF CONTENTS
0. Executive Summary 19
1. Introduction 21 Definitions 21 Historical aspects of biomarkers 21
Classification of biomarkers 22 Biological marker as response to therapeutic intervention 23 Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics biomarkers 23
Predictive biomarkers 23 Valid biomarkers 24 Types of biomarkers 24
Genes as biomarkers 24 Proteins as biomarkers 25 Proteomics 25
DNA biomarkers 26 Mitochondrial DNA 26 Mitochondrial mutations 26
RNA biomarkers 26 Transcriptomics 27 MicroRNAs 28
Metabolomics 28 Glycomics 28 Single nucleotide polymorphisms 29
Haplotyping 29 Cell biomarkers of disease 30 Stem cell biomarkers 30
Association of stem cell biomarkers with disease 30 Cancer stem cell biomarkers 30 Endoglin as a functional biomarker of stem cells 31
p75NTR as a biomarker to isolate adipose tissue-derived stem cells 31 Protein expression profile as biomarker of stem cells 31 STEMPRO? EZChek? for analysis of biomarkers of hESCs 32
SSEA-4 as biomarker of MSCs 32 Gaseous mediators as biomarkers of disease 32 Autoantibodies as biomarkers of autoimmune diseases 32
Comparison of various types of biomarkers 33 Biomarkers and systems biology 33 Systems biology approach to biomarker identification 35
Relation of biomarkers to other technologies and healthcare 35 Biomarkers and translational medicine 36 Limitations of use of biomarkers in healthcare 36
2. Technologies for Discovery of Biomarkers 39 Introduction 39 The ideal biomarker 39
Genomic technologies 39 Gene expression 39 Whole genome expression array 40
Gene expression profiling on whole blood samples 41 Profiling gene expression patterns of white blood cells 41 Tissue microarrays for study of biomarkers 41
Epigenomic technologies 42 Discovery of methylation biomarkers 42 Proteomic technologies 43
2D GE 44 Biomarker Amplification Filter 45 CellCarta® proteomics platform 45
Isotope-coded affinity tags 46 Liquid chromatography-MS/MS 46 Lucid Proteomics System 46
Magnetics beads for protein biomarker discovery 47 MASStermind(TM) 47 Mass spectrometry 47
2D PAGE and mass spectrometry 48 Imaging mass spectrometry 48 MALDI mass spectrometry for biomarker discovery 49
Quantitative tandem MS 50 Single-molecule mass spectrometry using a nanopore 50 Requirements for MS-based proteomic biomarker development 51
Protein tomography 51 Protein biochips/microarrays and biomarkers 51 Antibody-based biomarker discovery 52
Detection of biomarkers using peptide array technology 52 Protein nanobiochip 52 Quantification of protein biomarkers 53
Mass spectrometry for quantification of protein biomarkers 53 Real-time PCR for quantification of protein biomarkers 53 CyTOF for quantification of biomarkers 53
Search for biomarkers in body fluids 54 Challenges and strategies for discovey of protein biomarkers in plasma 54 3-D structure of CD38 as a biomarker 55
BD(TM) Free Flow Electrophoresis System 55 Isotope tags for relative and absolute quantification 56 Plasma protein microparticles as biomarkers 56
Proteome partitioning 57 Stable isotope tagging methods 57 Technology to measure both the identity and size of the biomarker 58
Biomarkers in the urinary proteome 58 Peptides in body fluids and tissues as biomarkers of disease 58 Analysis of peptides in bodily fluids 59
Serum peptidome patterns 60 SISCAPA method for quantitating proteins and peptides in plasma 60 Comparison of proteomic profiling technologies for discovery of biomarkers 60
Verification for interlaboratory reproducibility of protein biomarkers 61 Significance of similar protein biomarkers in different tissues 61 Glycomic technologies 62
Metabolomic technologies 62 Genome-wide association studies for identification of metabolic biomarkers 63 Lipid profiling 63
Mass spectrometry-based kits for discovery of metabolic biomarkers in plasma 64 Role of metabolomics in biomarker identification and pattern recognition 64 Urinary profiling by capillary electrophoresis 64
Validation of biomarkers in large-scale human metabolomics studies 64 Lipidomics 65 Disease biomarkers in breath 65
Portable breath test for volatile organic compounds 66 Detection of breath biomarkers by sensation technology 66 Detection of breath biomarkers optical frequency comb spectroscopy 66
Fluorescent indicators for biomarkers 67 Molecular imaging technologies 67 Computer tomography 67
Magnetic resonance imaging 68 Positron emission tomography 68 Advantages of imaging biomarkers 69
Monitoring in vivo gene expression by molecular imaging 69 Molecular imaging in vivo as a biomarker 69 Challenges and future prospects of molecular imaging 70
Basic research in molecular imaging 70 Imaging intracellular NADH as a biomarker of disease 70 Devices for molecular imaging 71
Imaging biomarkers in clinical trials 71 Molecular imaging in clinical practice 71 Nuclear magnetic resonance 71
Chemical derivatization to enhance biomarker detection by NMR 72 Fluxomics by using NMR 72 Nanobiotechnology 73
Nanomaterials for biolabeling 73 Quantum dot molecular labels 74 Bioconjugated QDs for multiplexed profiling of biomarkers 74
Magnetic nanotags for multipley detection of biomarkers 75 Nanoproteomics and biomarkers 75 High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass spectrometry 75
Nanoparticles for molecular imaging 75 Nanoparticles for discovering biomarkers 76 Nanosensors for measuring biomarkers in blood 76
Nanobiochip sensor technique for analysis of oral cancer biomarkers 77 Nucleoprotein nanodevices for detection of cancer biomarkers 77 Future prospects of application of nanobiotechnology for biomarkers 77
Bioinformatics 78 Biomarker Workflow Guide 78 Analysis of microarray data for selecting useful biomarkers 78
Role of bioinformatics in discovery of proteomic biomarkers 79 Role of bioinformatics in detection of cancer biomarkers 79 Biomarker databases 80
Gene networks as biomarkers 80 3. Biomarkers and Molecular Diagnostics 81 Introduction 81
Molecular diagnostic technologies 81 Polymerase chain reaction 81 Amplification 81
Target selection 82 Detection of amplified DNA 82 Limitations of PCR 82
Real-time PCR systems 83 Limitations of real-time PCR 83 Future applications of real-time Q-PCR 84
Combined PCR-ELISA 84 Non-PCR methods 84 Linked Linear Amplification 85
Transcription mediated amplification 85 Rapid analysis of gene expression 85 WAVE nucleic acid fragment analysis system 85
DNA probes with conjugated minor groove binder 86 Rolling circle amplification technology 86 Gene-based diagnostics through RCAT 87
RCAT-immunodiagnostics 87 RCAT-biochips 88 RCAT-pharmacogenomics 88
Circle-to-circle amplification 88 Biochips and microarrays 88 Applications of biochips/microarrays 89
Role of biochip/microarrays in discovery of biomarkers 89 Biomarkers and high throughput molecular screening 90 Detection and expression profiling of miRNA 90
Real-time PCR for expression profiling of miRNAs 91 Real-time PCR for expression profiling of miRNAs 91 Use of LNA to explore miRNA 91
Microarrays for analysis of miRNA gene expression 91 4. Biomarkers for Drug Discovery & Development 93 Introduction 93
Biomarker technologies for drug discovery 94 Proteomics-based biomarkers for drug discovery 94 Chemoproteomics 94
Activity-based chemical proteomics 94 Transcriptomics for drug discovery 95 Metabolomics for drug discovery 95
Biomarkers and drug safety 96 Biomarkers of adverse drug reactions 96 Applications of biomarkers in drug safety studies 96
Genomic technologies for toxicology biomarkers 97 Proteomic technologies for toxicology biomarkers 97 Metabonomic technologies for toxicology biomarkers 98
Integration of genomic and metabonomic data to develop toxicity biomarkers 98 Toxicology studies based on biomarkers 98 Biomarkers of hepatotoxicity 99
Biomarkers of nephrotoxicity 100 Cardiotoxicity 102 Neurotoxicity 102
Applications of biomarkers for drug development 103 Application of metabonomics/metabolomics for drug development 103 Role of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic biomarkers in drug development 103
Molecular imaging as a biomarker in drug development 104 Molecular imaging in preclinical studies 104 Molecular imaging in clinical trials 105
Prospects of molecular imaging in drug discovery and development 106 Biomarkers in clinical trials 106 NIH recommendations on the use of biomarkers in clinical trials 107
Advantages of biomarkers for drug development 108 Limitations and problems with use of biomarkers in clinical trials 109 Application of biomarkers by the pharmaceutical companies 109
Use of biomarkers in relation to stage of drug discovery and development 110 Drug development in cardiovascular disorders 111 Drug development in neurological disorders 111
Future prospects of biomarker-based drug development 112 The Biomarker Alliance 112 Molecular Libraries and Imaging Roadmap of NIH 112
Biomarkers Consortium 113 Pharmacogenomic biomarker information in drug labels 114 5. Role of Biomarkers in Healthcare 115
Introduction 115 Biomarkers of inflammation 115 ESR and CRP as biomarkers of inflammation 116
Biomarkers of oxidative stress 116 1,4-dihydroxynonane-mercapturic acid 116 Oxidative DNA damage 117
Proteins as biomarkers of oxidative stress in diseases 117 Testing for oxidative stress 117 Biomarkers in metabolic disorders 117
Biomarkers of acute intermittent porphyria 117 Liver X receptors 118 Biomarkers of diabetes mellitus 118
Biomarkers of hyperglycemia 119 Biomarkers of diabetes-associated oxidative stress 119 Biomarkers of inflammation associated with diabetes 120
Biomarkers of renal complications in diabetes mellitus type 2 120 Biomarkers of diabesity 120 Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetes mellitus 120
Lack of C-peptide as biomarker of complications of diabetes type 1 120 Serum retinol binding protein 4 as biomarker of insulin resistance 121 Biomarkers of metabolic syndrome 121
Adiponectin 121 Biomarkers in immune disorders 122 Biomarkers relevant to organ transplantation 122
Biomarkers of graft versus host disease 122 Biomarkers of renal allograft failure 124 Biomarkers of renal transplant tolerance 124
Biomarkers of lung transplant rejection 125 Systemic lupus erythematosus 125 Current management and need for biomarkers 126
Role of collaborative efforts and databases of SLE biomarkers 126 C4d-bearing reticulocytes 126 Adiponectin 127
CB-CAPS 127 Genetic loci of SLE 127 Epigenetic biomarkers of SLE 127
Biomarkers of musculoskeletal disorders 127 Biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis 128 Biomarkers of spondylarthritis 128
Biomarkers of osteoarthritis 129 Biomarkers of osteoporosis 130 Dual x-ray absorptiometry 131
Bone imaging with quantitative CT and MRI 131 Assays for detection of biomarkers of osteoporosis 131 Biomarkers of infectious diseases 131
Chemokines as biomarkers of infection 132 Circulating CPS-1 as biomarkers of organ damage in sepsis 133 Endotoxin 133
Procalcitonin 133 Application of proteomics for discovering biomarkers of infections 134 Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 135
Nitric oxide as a biomarker of sepsis 135 Tuberculosis 135 Conventional diagnosis of tuberculosis 136
Molecular diagnostics for tuberculosis 136 Biomarkers for tuberculosis 137 Biomarkers of pulmonary tuberculosis in the breath 137
Biomarkers of viral infections 137 Viral hepatitis 138 Biomarkers of SARS 140
Biomarkers of HIV 140 Biomarkers in parasitic infections 141 Role of biomarkers in malaria 141
Identification of biomarkers in Schistosomiasis infections 142 Biomarkers of liver disease 142 Breath biomarkers of liver disease 142
Biomarkers of viral hepatitis B and C 143 Biomarkers of liver injury 144 Biomarkers of liver cirrhosis 144
FibroMax 144 Biomarkers of pancreatitis 144 Biomarkers of renal disease 145
Biomarkers of lupus nephritis 145 Biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy 145 Cystatin C as biomarker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 146
Estimated GFR and albuminuria as biomarkers of chronic kidney disease 146 Proteomic biomarkers of acute kidney injury 146 Biomarkers of pulmonary diseases 146
Biomarkers of oxidative stress in lung diseases 147 Biomarkers of survival in acute respiratory distress syndrome 148 Urinary NO as biomarker 148
Plasma biomarkers related to inflammation 148 Pulmonary surfactant proteins as biomarkers for lung diseases 148 Cytokine/chemokine biomarkers of SARS 148
Biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 149 Increased expression of PIGF as a biomarker of COPD 149 Chromagranin A (CgA) as biomarker of airway obstruction in smokers 149
BNP as a biomarker of chronic pulmonary disease 150 Alpha1-antitrypsin gene polymorphisms predisposing to emphysema 150 Biomarkers of asthma 150
Comparison of biomarkers of asthma and COPD 150 Exaled NO as a biomarker of asthma 150 Cytokines as biomarkers of asthma severity 151
Biomarker for rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbation 152 Biomarkers for predicting response to corticosteroid therapy 152 IgE as guide to dosing of omalizumab for asthma 152
Endothelin-1 in exhaled breath as biomarker of asthma 153 Biomarkers for cystic fibrosis 153 Biomarkers of pulmonary embolism 153
Biomarkers in gynecology and obstetrics 154 Biomarkers of menopause 154 Biomarkers of premenstrual dysphoric disorder 155
Biomarkers of endometriosis 155 Biomarkers for preeclampsia 156 Protein biomarker of preeclampsia in urine 156
Protein biomarkers of preeclampsia in CSF 156 Protein HtrA1 as biomarker for preeclampsia 157 sFlt1 and soluble endoglin as biomarkers of preeclampsia 157
RNA biomarkers 158 Biomarkers of premature birth 158 Biomarkers of oxidative stress in complicated pregnancies 159
Fetal biomarkers in maternal blood 159 Biomarkers for genetic disorders 159 Biomarkers for Down’s syndrome 159
Biomarkers for muscular dystrophy 160 Biomarkers of phenylketonuria 160 Genetic biomarkers for psoriasis 161
Biomarkers of lysosomal storage disorders 161 Biomarkers of aging 162 Cellular biomarker of aging of the brain 163
Effect of calorie restriction on biomarkers of longevity 163 Genes as biomarkers of aging 164 Mitochondrial mutations as biomarkers of aging 164
Telomere attrition as aging biomarker 164 Gene variants as determinants of biological age 165 Genetic signatures of longevity 165
Low serum thyroid hormone level as biomarker of longevity 165 Role of bioinformatics in search for biomarkers of aging 165 Study of biomarkers of aging in a genetically homogeneous population 166
Biomarkers of miscellaneous disorders 166 Biomarkers of chronic fatigue syndrome 166 Biomarkers of inflammatory bowel disease 166
Biomarkers of erectile dysfunction 167 Biomarkers of heat stroke 168 Nasal nitric oxide as a biomarker of response to rhinosinusitis therapy 168
Biomarkers common to multiple diseases 168 Biomarkers and nutrition 169 Biomarkers in nutritional epidemiology 169
Biomarkers of nutritional status 169 Biomarkers of branched chain amino acid status 170 Biomarkers of caloric restriction 170
Biomarkers of malnutrition 170 Proteomic biomarkers and nutrition 171 Biomarkers of gene-environmental interactions in human disease 171
6. Biomarkers of Cancer 173 Introduction 173 The ideal biomarker for cancer 173
Single vs multiple biomarkers of cancer 174 Types of cancer biomarkers 174 HER3 as biomarker of cancer 175
DNA repair biomarkers 175 miRNAs as biomarkers in cancer 175 Circulating miRNAs for cancer detection 177
Diagnostic value of miRNA in cancer 177 Biomarkers of epigenetic gene silencing in cancer 177 Immunologic biomarkers of cancer 178
Molecular diagnostic techniques for cancer 178 Technologies for detection of cancer biomarkers 179 Genomic technologies for cancer biomarkers 179
Cold-PCR 179 Genome analysis at the molecular level 180 Sequencing-based approaches for detection of cancer biomarkers 180
Early detection of tumor suppressor gene mutations 180 Biomarkers of PTEN tumor suppressor gene status 181 HAAH as a biomarker for cancer 181
KRAS as a biomarker of cancer 182 Telomerase as a biomarker of cancer 182 Digital karyotyping for cancer biomarkers 182
LigAmp for detection of gene mutations in cancer 183 Mitochondrial DNA as a cancer biomarker 183 Tissue microarrays for study of cancer biomarkers 183
Molecular fingerprinting of cancer 184 Biomarkers of inflammation in cancer 185 Proteomic technologies for detecting biomarkers of cancer 185
2D PAGE 186 Antibody-based detection of protein biomarkers 186 Aptamer-based molecular probes for cancer biomarker discovery 187
Cancer immunomics to identify autoantibody signatures 187 Desorption electrospray ionization for detection of cancer biomarkers 188 Detection of circulating nucleosomes in serum of cancer patients 188
Detection of tumor markers with ProteinChip technology 188 eTag assay system for cancer biomarkers 189 Glycoprotein biomarkers of cancer 189
HER-2/neu oncoprotein as biomarkers for cancer 190 Humoral proteomics 190 Laser capture microdissection 190
Membrane-type serine protease-1 191 Phage display technology 191 Proteomic analysis of cancer cell mitochondria 191
Proteomic technologies for detection of autoimmune biomarkers 192 SELDI-TOF MS 192 Serum proteome analysis for early detection of cancer 192
Tissue proteomics for discovery of cancer biomarkers 193 Metabolomic biomarkers of cancer 193 Choline phospholipid biomarkers of cancer 193
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 194 Detection of drug resistance in cancer by metabolic profiling 194 Epitomics for the early detection of cancer 194
Detection of biomarkers of DNA methylation 195 PCR with bisulfite for detecting DNA methylation biomarkers in cancer 196 MDScan? microarray technology 197
Rubicon MethylPlex technology 197 Epigenomics Marker Machine for DNA methylation biomarkers 198 Sequenom’s integrated genetic analysis platform 198
Histone deacetylase 198 Mucins as epigenetic biomarkers in epithelial cancers 199 Nanobiotechnology for early detection of cancer to improve treatment 199
Selective expression of biomarkers by cancer compared with normal tissues 199 Ultrasound radiation to enhance release of a tumor biomarker 200 In vivo imaging of cancer biomarkers 200
Computer tomography 200 Optical systems for in vivo molecular imaging of cancer 200 Positron emission tomography 201
Imaging of tumor oxygenation and microvascular permeability by MRI 201 Xenon-enhanced MRI 201 Kallikrein gene family and cancer biomarkers 202
Circulating cancer cells in blood as biomarkers of cancer 202 Applications of cancer biomarkers 203 Use of biomarkers for cancer classification 203
Cancer classification using microarrays 203 Proteomic classification of cancer 204 Use of biomarkers for early detection of cancer 204
Applications of biomarkers for cancer diagnosis 204 Methylated DNA sequences as cancer biomarkers 204 MicroRNA expression profiling for diagnosis of human cancers 205
MUC4 as a diagnostic biomarker in cancer 205 Applications of biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and therapy 206 Asparagine synthetase as biomarker for therapy with L-asparaginase 206
Peptide-based agents for targeting cancer biomarkers 207 Biomarkers for assessing efficacy of cancer therapy 207 ERCC1-XPF expression as a biomarker of response to chemotherapy 207
P53 expression level as biomarker of efficacy of cancer gene therapy 207 Biomarkers of angiogenesis for developing antiangiogenic therapy 207 Biomarkers of response to antiangiogenic agent brivanib alaninate 208
Circulating endothelial cells as targets for antiangiogenic drugs 208 DCE-MRI biomarkers for evaluation of antiangiogenic agents 208 Combination of soluble biomarkers of angiogenesis with imaging 209
Tumor endothelial markers 209 VEGF signalling inhibitors as biomarkers 210 Biomarkers of prognosis in cancer treatment 210
Biomarkers of drug resistance in cancer 210 A systems approach to biomarkers of innate drug resistance 211 Epithelial membrane protein-1 as a biomarker of gefitinib resistance 211
Methylation biomarkers of drug resistance in cancer 211 Biomarkers of radiation exposure 212 Role of biomarkers in drug development in oncology 212
Molecular imaging of tumor as a guide to drug development 213 Use of PET to assess response to anticancer drugs 213 Use of MRI to assess response to anticancer drugs 214
Biomarkers in plucked hair for assessing cancer therapy 214 Molecular targets of anticancer drugs as biomarkers 214 Safety biomarkers in oncology studies 215
Role of biomarkers in phase I clinical trials of anticancer drugs 215 Biomarkers according to location/type of cancer 215 Bladder cancer biomarkers 215
Detection of FGFR3 mutations in urine for diagnosis of bladder cancer 216 NMP22 BladderChek 216 Urinary telomerase as biomarker for detection of bladder cancer 216
Concluding remarks abut biomarkers of urinary cancer 216 Brain cancer biomarkers 217 Biomarkers to predict response to EGFR inhibitors 217
CD133 as biomarker of resistance to radiotherapy 218 Circulating microvesicles as biomarkers 218 CSF protein profiling 218
CSF attractin as a biomarker of malignant astrocytoma 218 Methylation profiling of brain tumors 219 Metabolite biomarkers of brain tumors 220
miRNAs as biomarkers of brain tumors 220 MRI biomarker for response of brain tumor to therapy 220 Multigene predictor of outcome in GBM 221
Neuroimaging biomarkers combined with DNA microarray analysis 221 Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ? as biomarker of gliomas 221 Serum protein fingerprinting 221
VEGF-R2 as biomarker of angiogenesis in brain tumors 222 Breast cancer biomarkers 222 Biomarkers of breast cancer in breath 223
Biomarkers for breast cancer in nipple aspiration fluid 223 Circulating nucleic acid biomarkers of breast cancer 224 Flow cytometry for quantification of biomarker expression patterns 224
Plasma proteomics for biomarkers of breast cancer 224 Quantitative realtime PCR assays for biomarker validation 225 Cdk6 as a biomarker of breast cancer 225
Centromere protein-F 226 Carbonic anhydrase IX 226 COX-2 as a biomarker of breast cancer 226
Glycomic biomarkers of breast cancer 227 HER-2/neu oncoprotein 227 High mobility group protein A2 228
Hypermethylated genes as biomarkers of metastatic breast cancer 228 Lipocalin 2 as biomarker of breast cancer progression 229 Long intervening non-coding RNAs 229
Mammaglobin 229 miRNA biomarkers of breast cancer 230 p27 expression as biomarker for survival after chemotherapy 231
Podocalyxin 231 Progranulin as a biomarker of breast cancer 231 Proliferating cell nuclear antigen 231
Protein kinase C as a predictive biomarker of metastatic breast cancer 232 Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene as a biomarker 232 Riboflavin carrier protein 232
Risk of invasive cancer after diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ 233 Serum CA 15-3 as biomarker of prognosis in advanced breast cancer 233 Suppressor of deltex protein 233
Tumor microenvironment as biomarker of metastasis in breast cancer 234 Type III TGF-? receptor as regulator of cancer progression 234 Diagnostic tests based on breast cancer genes 234
Prognostic role of breast cancer genes 235 Protein biomarkers for breast cancer prevention 236 Biomarkers to evaluate efficacy of chemoprevention 237
Biomarkers of response to chemotherapy of breast cancer 237 Cervical cancer biomarkers 238 Gastrointestinal cancer biomarkers 239
Gastric cancer biomarkers 239 Colorectal cancer biomarkers 240 Head and neck cancer 244
Leukemia biomarkers 245 Chromosome translocations in leukemias 245 DNA methylation biomarkers in leukemia 246
Gene mutations as biomarkers in leukemia 246 Molecular diagnostic techniques for leukemia 246 Proteomic technologies for discovering biomarkers of leukemia 247
Biomarkers of chronic lymphocytic leukemia 247 Biomarkers of chronic myeloid leukemia 248 Biomarkers of drug resistance in leukemia 248
Biomarkers of myelodysplasitic syndromes 248 Lymphoma biomarkers 249 Liver cancer biomarkers 249
Lung cancer biomarkers 250 Autoantibodies as biomarkers in lung cancer 251 Biomarkers associated with neuroendocrine differentiation in NSCLC 251
Biomarkers of chronic inflammation in lung cancer 252 Biomarkers for predicting sensitivity to chemotherapy in lung cancer 252 Biomarkers for prediction of sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors 253
Circulating tumor cells as biomarkers 254 Gene expression profiling for biomarkers of lung cancer 254 Methylation biomarkers of lung cancer 254
miRNA biomarkers in lung cancer 255 Proteomic biomarkers in exaled breath condensate 255 Serum protein biomarkers of lung cancer 256
tNOX as biomarker of lung cancer 256 Tumor-derived DNA and RNA markers in blood 256 Volatile organic compounds in the exhaled breath 257
Malignant pleural mesothelioma 257 Melanoma biomarkers 257 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma biomarkers 259
Proteomic biomarkers of nasopharyngeal cancer 260 miRNA biomarkers of nasopharyngeal carcinoma 260 Oral cancer biomarkers 261
Ovarian cancer biomarkers 261 Epitomics approach for ovarian cancer biomarkers in serum 262 Gene expression studies in ovarian cancer 263
HtrA1 as a biomarker of response to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer 263 Mutation of genes in ovarian cancer 264 Serum biomarkers of ovarian cancer prognosis 264
Serum albumin-associated peptides and proteins 264 Multiplex assays for biomarkers of ovarian cancer 265 Concluding remarks on biomarker-based tests of ovarian cancer 266
Pancreatic cancer biomarkers 266 Discovery and validation of pancreatic cancer biomarkers 267 Cancer stem cells as biomarkers of pancreatic cancer 267
Histone modifications used as biomarkers in pancreatic cancer 267 miRNA biomarkers of pancreatic cancer 268 Proteomic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer 269
Prostate cancer 270 Adipose tissue-derived biomarkers of obesity-related prostate cancer 270 B7-H3 as biomarker of prostate cancer 271
Detection of prostate cancer biomarkers in urine 271 Detection of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia 272 Epigenetic biomarkers of prostate cancer 272
Gene expression analysis of prostate cancer 273 Genetic biomarkers of prostate cancer 273 Huntingtin Interacting Protein 1 overexpression in prostate cancer 274
Id proteins expression in prostate cancer 274 Identification of prostate cancer mRNA biomarkers 274 Integrative genomic and proteomic profiling of prostate cancer 274
LCM for diagnosis of prostate cancer 275 Loss of p27 as predictor of recurrence of prostate cancer 275 Microarray for diagnosis of prostate cancer 275
miRNA biomarkers of prostate cancer 276 Prostate cancer biomarkers in semen 276 PSA as biomarker of prostate cancer 276
ProPSA as biomarker of prostate cancer 277 Prostate Health Index 277 PSMA as biomarker of prostate cancer 277
Sarcosine as a metabolic biomarker of prostate cancer 277 Serum HAAH as biomarker of prostate cancer 278 Silenced CDH13 gene as a biomarker of cancer 278
Serum-protein fingerprinting 278 Tests for prostate cancer based on genetic dislocations 279 Concluding remarks on biomarkers of prostate cancer 279
Renal cancer biomarkers 279 Gene expression profile of RCC for biomarkers 279 miRNA biomarkers of renal cancer 280
Use of proteomics for detection of RCC biomarkers 280 Use of RCC biomarkers for prognosis and therapy 280 Thyroid cancer biomarkers 281
Gene expression biomarkers of thyroid cancer 281 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B as risk factor for thyroid cancer 282 miRNA biomarkers of thyroid cancer 282
Biochemical biomarkers of thyroid cancer 282 Role of the NCI in molecular diagnosis of cancer 283 The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project 283
Molecular profiling of cancer 283 Cancer Genome Atlas 284 Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility Project 284
Oncology Biomarker Qualification Initiative 285 Role of NCI in cancer biomarker development and validation 285 COBRED project for cancer biomarker research in Europe 286
Future prospects for cancer biomarkers 287 Cancer biomarker research at academic institutions 287 Future prospects and challenges in the discovery of cancer biomarkers 287
7. Biomarkers of Disorders of the Nervous System 289 Introduction 289 Discovery of biomarkers for neurological disorders 289
Biomarker identification in the CSF using proteomics 290 Biomarker identification in the CSF using lipidomics 290 Cerebral microdialysis for the study of biomarkers of cerebral metabolism 290
Detection of protein biomarkers of CNS disorders in the blood 291 Brain imaging for detection of biomarkers 291 Data mining for biomarkers of neurological disorders 292
Antibodies as biomarkers in disorders of the nervous system 292 Biomarkers of neural regeneration 292 Biomarkers of disruption of blood-brain barrier 293
Biomarkers of neurotoxicity 293 Glial fibrillary acidic protein as biomarker of neurotoxicity 294 Single-stranded DNA as a biomarker of neuronal apoptosis 294
Biomarkers of neurogenetic disorders 294 Charcot-Marie Tooth disease 295 Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy 295
Fragile X syndrome 296 Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies 296 Hereditary metabolic storage disorders with neurologic manifestations 297
Gaucher disease 297 Pompe’s disease 297 Mitochondrial disorders affecting the nervous system 297
Spinal muscular atrophy 298 Biomarkers of neurodegenerative disorders 298 Protein aggregation as a bimarker of aging and neurodegeneration 299
Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease 299 The ideal biomarker for AD 301 Protein biomarkers of AD in CSF 301
Amyloid precursor protein 303 Tau proteins in CSF 304 Tests for the detection of A? in CSF 304
Monitoring of synthesis and clearance rates of A? in the CSF 304 Tests combining CSF tau and A? 305 CSF sulfatide as a biomarker for AD 306
Glycerophosphocholine as CSF biomarker in AD 306 CSF Reelin as biomarker of AD 306 Urine tests for AD 306
Plasma protein biomarkers of AD 307 Protein kinase C in red blood cells 307 Detection of aggregated misfolded proteins in the blood 308
Lymphocyte Proliferation Test 308 A biomarker-based skin test for AD 308 Radioiodinated clioquinol as a biomarker for A? 309
Nanotechnology to measure A?-derived diffusible ligands 309 Simultaneous measurement of several biomarkers for AD 309 Use of biomarkers to predict AD in patients with MCI 310
Genetic tests for AD 310 Gene expression patterns in AD 311 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in AD 311
MRI for biomarkers of AD 312 PET scanning for biomarkers of AD 313 Targeting of chemokine receptor as biomarker for brain imaging 314
Plasma biomarkers of drug response in AD 315 PredictAD project 315 Concluding remarks about biomarkers for AD 315
Biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease 316 Biomarkers of PD based on gene expression in blood 316 Cardiac denervation as a biomarker of PD 317
Imaging biomarkers of PD 317 Metabolic brain networks as biomarkers 317 Metabonomic biomarker profile for diagnosis and monitoring of PD 318
Protein biomarkers of PD 318 Serum vitamin D as a biomarker of PD 318
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Nicolas Bombourg
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